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The ''Ordre des Palmes académiques'' (''Order of Academic Palms'') is a national order of France for distinguished academics and figures in the world of culture and education. Originally a decoration founded by Emperor Napoléon to honour eminent members of the University of Paris, it was changed into its current form as an Order on 4 October 1955 by President René Coty. The early ''Palmes académiques'' was instituted on 17 March 1808 and was bestowed only upon teachers or professors. In 1850 the decoration was divided into two known classes:〔Paul Hieronymussen, ''Orders, Medals and Decorations of Britain and Europe in colour'' (2nd ed.), London: Blandford Press, 1970, p.162.〕 *''Officier de l'Instruction Publique'' (''Golden Palms'') *''Officier d'Académie'' (''Silver Palms'') In 1866, the scope of the award was widened to include major contributions to French national education and culture made by anyone, including foreigners. It was also made available to any French expatriates making major contributions to the expansion of French culture throughout the rest of the world. Since 1955 the ''Ordre des Palmes académiques'' has comprised three grades, each grade having a fixed number of recipients: *''Commandeur'' (Commander) — gold cross of 60 mm with a coronet ("couronne") worn on necklet *''Officier'' (Officer) — gold cross of 55 mm worn on ribbon with rosette on left breast *''Chevalier'' (Knight) — silver cross of 50 mm worn on ribbon on left breast Decisions on nominations and promotions are decided by the Minister of Education. For those not connected to state-sponsored public education, or the Ministry of National Education, these honours are announced on 1 January, New Year's Day. For all others, they are made on 14 July, which is French National Day. ==Notable recipients== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ordre des Palmes Académiques」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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